The main goal of the current study was to evaluate the effects of C/N ratio on water quality parameters and production level at high stocking density pond. The C/N ratio of the experimental ponds were arranged by addition of corn starch to the pond. There were three treatments in the current study, control one without corn starch addition and treatments two and three which contain C/N rations of 15 and 20. We had three replicates for each treatment and the experimental unit was nine uniform 400 m2 earthen ponds. Two hundred and forty juvenile common carp, 120 silver carp and 40 bighead with initial weights of 60. 74± 0. 40, 50. 2±0. 39, 51. 02±1. 11 were introduced to each of experimental unite. The results showed that increasing C/N ratio to 15 and 20 improved growth performance and nutrient efficiency in common carp (P<0. 05). Similar to common carp, bighead growth and feed efficiency improved by feeding on high C/N ratio diets compared to low one (P<0. 05). However, silver carp growth and feed efficiency reduced by addition of carbon source to the water (P<0. 05). Different C/N ratio did not change survival rate of fish during the experiment. Ammonium nitrogen, nitrite and phosphate were measured lower at 20and 15 C/N ratio than those of control one (P<0. 05). However, nitrate concentration was not influenced by the C/N ratio. The current study revealed that the application C/N ratio can introduce an alternative for an improve in growth performance and water quality control. In addition, water consumption and waste generated within the pond can be managed by application of a proper C/N ratio.

To study the effect of salinity and ammonium : nitrate ratio on growth of saplings of Zard and Arbiquina olive cultivars, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in Tarom field station in 2010-using factorial arrangement in completely randomized design with three repetitions. Four levels of salinity: 150, 100, 50, 0 mMl-1 NaCl and four solutions with different ammonium : nitrate ratio including: N0: 14 meql-1 nitrate; N2: 2 meql-1 ammonium + 12 meql-1 nitrate; N4: 4 meql-1 ammonium + 10 meql-1 nitrate; N6: 6 meql-1 Ammonium + 8 meql-1 nitrate, were used on one-year old olive saplings grown in perlite : sand (1:1) medium. Results showed that different levels of salinity had significant effect on reducing leaf area, dry matter, vegetative growth (plant height), change in plant height and N content and K: Na ratio in the leaf as well as increasing the number of dropped leaves and Na uptake. Application of different nitrogen ratio showed that ammonium increased in nutrient solution with reducing current year growth parameters and increasing the K: Na ratio and N content in leaves reducing Na uptake and number of dropped leaves. Therefore, high concentrations of ammonium and salinity intensified negative effects of either treatments.

Introduction: Finding easily accessible and non-invasive methods for differentiating various sources of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding before performing endoscopy and colonoscopy is of great interest. The present study was designed with the aim of evaluating the screening performance characteristics of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) to Creatinine (Cr) ratio in this regard. Methods: The present diagnostic accuracy study was performed on patients with acute GI bleeding presenting to emergency department from 2011 to 2016, in a retrospective manner. BUN/Cr ratio was calculated for all patients and its accuracy in differentiation of upper and lower GI bleedings, confirmed via endoscopy or colonoscopy, was evaluated. Results: A total of 621 patients with the mean age of 59. 49§ 17. 94 (5 – 93) years were studied (60. 5% male). Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of BUN/Cr ratio for predicting the source of GI bleeding was 0. 63 (95% CI: 0. 57 – 0. 68). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of BUN/Cr ratio at 35 cut-off point were 19. 63% (95%CI: 16. 69 – 23. 45), 90. 16% (95%CI: 83. 11 – 94. 88), 89. 09 (95%CI: 81. 35 – 93. 98), 21. 53 (95%CI: 18. 09 – 25. 39), 8. 16 (95%CI: 4. 76 – 13. 98), and 3. 65 (95%CI: 3. 44 – 3. 87), respectively. Conclusion: Considering the relatively proper specificity and positive predictive value of BUN/Cr ratio, in cases that bleeding source cannot be determined using other non-invasivemethods, values higher than 35 can predict upper GI bleeding with high probability. However, due to the low sensitivity, values less than 35 are not diagnostic.

Improving the soil quality with organic matter content and presence of elements such as N, P and K are some of sewage sludge benefits. Adjusting carbonaceous materials such as plant wastes to dewatered sludge compost increases its moisture and improves C/N ratio. So dewatered sludge has low C/N ratio and should be mixed with bulking agents. This study was performed in a three months period of the year 2002, in laboratory of Chemistry of Water and Wastewater in the School of Public Health of Isfahan University of Medical Science, to determine the C/N ratio and heavy metals concentration of bulking agents in sawdust, leaves, rice hulls and dewatered sewage sludge. The results showed that concentration of chromium and cadmium in the mixture of dewatered sewage sludge and bulking agents was lower than the standard level. Means of cobalt(115.44 mg/kg),nickel(57.44 mg/kg)and zinc(273.48 mg/kg) concentrations were maximum in dewatered sludge but mean concentration of cobalt (25.66 mg/kg) in rice hull samples and mean zinc( 8.99 mg/kg) and nickel (5.106 mg/kg) concentrations in sawdust samples were minimum. The optimal conditions sewage sludge composting, each kilogram of sludge needs 350 grams of saw dust, 470 grams of leaves and 388 grams of rice hull. Amount of heavy metals present in the bulking agents is lower than the amount mentioned for the compost.

stroke is the third reason for deaths around the world [1]. Predisposing risk factors for cerebrovascular disorders are age, history of previous stroke, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, dyslipidemia, and cigarette smoking, which are well known. A prospective study was conducted across a 30-month period commencing on 23rd September 2009 to evaluate the relationship between Blood BUN, creatinine (Cr), BUN/Cr ratio and mortality in patients with stroke. All patients with Stroke, admitted to the Vali-Asr Hospital (Birjand, Iran), were enrolled. Patient-specific demographic information, serum BUN, Cr, BUN/Cr ratio and outcome data related to each presentation was recorded. Blood BUN, creatinine (Cr), BUN/Cr in patients who died in hospital after admission with stroke and in patients who died through 3 month later after stroke compared with The group of patients who survived stroke.

The influence of nitrogen rates on shoot/root ratio, sodium and potassium uptake of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Var Chamran) under saline conditions was studied. The expriment was conducted in factroil design with three replications. The treatments comprised five levels of salinity: 1.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ds/m and three nitrogen levels: 50, 100 and 150 kg N/ha. Salinity treatments were applied in a clay-loam soil by irrigating with waters salinized with NaCl and CaCl2 (5:1 by wt). The results of this study showed, by increasing salinity treatments dry matter of shoot and root decreased and this decrease in root at 20 ds/m treatment was very large. therefore, the shoot/root ratio increased. Application of nitrogen resulted in significant increases in shoot and root dry matter contents. In shoot and root by increasing salinity levels, sodium showed an increase in concentration. In root increasing in sodium concentration until 10ds/m treatment. After this level, sodium concentration decreased. Application of nitrogen resulted decrease sodium in shoot and increase sodium in root. By increasingsalinity levels potassium concentration in root and shoot decreased. Application of nitrogen resulted increase in potassium concentration in root and shoot. 

The purpose of present research was to study the interaction effect of irrigation times and nitrogen fertilizer on leaf appearance ratio and yield in Pishkam millet cultivar. This research was done at Islamic Azad University farm, Arak Branch in spring and summer of 2011 using strip plot design experiment in the basis of randomize completely blocks design in three repetitions. The examinal treatments were nitrogen fertilizer in four levels (50, 200, 350 and 450 kg/ha urea) in main plots and irrigation intervals in five levels {Irrigation in establishment stage (I1), Irrigation in establishment+stem elongation (I2), Irrigation in establishment+stem elongation+early spike formation stage (I3), Irrigation Irrigation in establishment+stem elongation+early spike formation+flowering(I4) and irrigation in establishment+stem elongation+early spike formation+flowering+grain filling stages (I5)} as sub factor. The results showed that the effect of nitrogen on forage yield was significant. The effect of nitrogen application on leaf numbers 70 and 80 days after planting was significant. There wasn't a significant effect of nitrogen on first and second internude distance, 38, 48 and 55 days after cultivation, but after 60 days of planting time there were observed significant difference. The highest dry forage yield (31 t/ha) was associated with N3I1 treatment.

Introduction: Clinical use of the late responses during routine neurophysiological examination has significantly increased the diagnostic yield of the neurophysiological evaluation. The H max to M max ratio (H/M ratio) is considered a suitable index for illustrating the level of reflex excitability of the motor pool.Methods: In this study posterior tibial nerve H/M ratio changes in cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) evaluated. This investigation was carried out in 22 normal subjects aged 40-65 years with mean 52 years, and in 40 patients with CVA aged 42-63 years with mean 57 years.Results: In normal subjects no significant differences were found between the mean values observed between right and left sides. In patients significant increased H/M ratios in both sides with more in non-plegic leg (P<0.01) were found. The facilitation of Babinsky sign in patients is significantly associated with low H/M ratios (P=0.003). The H/M ratio changes were not significantly associated with severity of hemiplegia (P=0.3 for lower extremities, P=0.9 for upper extremities). The H/M ratio was increased in ischemic lesions (P<0.01), but in intracerebral hemorrhages the soleus H/M ratio increases in non-plegic side the same as the plegic side.Conclusion: The posterior tibial nerve H/M ratios are increased in CVA bilaterally due to decreased presynaptic inhibition Ia terminals, thus amplitude of H reflexes increased without increased amplitude of M response.

The method of selection of the study design decides the type of analysis 10 be used. Case-Control studies assess the causes of a particular outcome, comparing a group of individuals who have experienced the outcome under study with a group who have net.Results appear as a two by two table. As these two groups are sampled separately, the rate of the disease in the exposed or unexposed groups can not be calculated. However, the Odds ratio can be obtained. The Odds ratio is sometimes referred to as the cross product ratio.                        Cases                            Controls Exposed            a                                  b Unexposed         c                                  d Odds ratio (a/b)I (c/d) = ad/bc